2. Summary
The governments of the world recommitted themselves at the Johannesburg Summit to implementing the Rio Principles and the full scope of Agenda 21, and set specific targets and timetables for several critical issues, including -

The official goal of the Summit was-not to establish new principles, commitments, or institutions-but rather to review progress towards the existing principles and commitments set at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development. [2] Also know as the Rio Earth Summit, the 1992 conference adopted the Rio Principles, [3] new conventions on climate [4] and biodiversity, [5] a set of forestry principles, [6] and created the Commission on Sustainable Development to assist with implementation. [7]

Besides the two substantive documents, seven Partnership Plenaries and four high-level Round Tables, the Summit also hosted a full program of side events in and around Johannesburg. [8] INECE was an active participant in several side events. (See Summary of INECE Summit Participation).

The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development [9] and the Plan of Implementation [10] (hereinafter "the Plan") were the major substantive accomplishments of the Summit. The Plan, discussed in more detail below, consists of eleven chapters spelling out the framework for action to implement the commitments made at the 1992 Earth Summit.

However, the Johannesburg Summit is being criticized by some participants for merely repeating many of the commitments made in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, [11]  including the various commitments dealing with income and drinking water, which are taken almost verbatim from the Millennium Declaration. Others have criticized the Summit for failing to include targets and timetables for implementing renewable energy resources, and maintaining the legitimacy of pursuing fossil fuel technologies. Additionally, many participants and observers believe that the Summit did not adequately address the $350 billion in annual agricultural subsidies paid by developed nations, and others complain that the Summit virtually overlooked education for sustainable development as a critical issue.

But many of the Summit commitments, particularly regarding biodiversity, chemicals, and fisheries, set forth for the first time, targets and timetables that present a tremendous challenge for those responsible for implementing the Rio commitments and enforcing environmental law and policy.

To assist in meeting this challenge, INECE announced at the Summit that it was launching the INECE Enforcement Indicator Project to develop a set of indicators to measure and manage enforcement and compliance efforts. In addition to assisting countries manage their enforcement resources for improved performance; INECE contemplates using the indicators to identify opportunities to expand its training and capacity building program. Other strategies for helping enforcement practitioners meet the targets and timetables set by the Summit are being considered in the development of the 2003-05 INECE strategic plan.

3. The Summit Plan of Implementation
The Johannesburg Summit reaffirmed the commitment to the Rio Principles, and to the full implementation of Agenda 21, [12] and recognized that good governance is essential to sustainable development, as is respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms (Summit Plan, Chapter I).

The means of implementation include a focus on access to environmental information as well as judicial and administrative proceedings (Chapter X.). The Summit Plan also notes the need for better market signals, including full cost internalization and the elimination of harmful subsidies, as well as regulatory frameworks for achieving a level playing field, and better assessment and reporting, including an environmental vulnerability index for Small Island States, and a comprehensive review of implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action by 2004 (Chapters III, IV, and VII).

The Summit Plan addresses poverty eradication through a commitment to cut in half by 2015 the number of people living on less than US $1/day, and agreed to establish a solidarity fund (Chapter II). In addition, it calls for action to immediately enforce national Forestry Laws and to halt illegal trade in forest products (Chapter IV), to return fisheries to maximum sustainable yield levels by 2015 (id.), to cut in half the number of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015 (Chapter II), to minimize significant adverse effects on human health and the environment from chemicals by 2020 (Chapter III), and to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss (Chapter IV), including coastal and marine biodiversity of small island states (Chapter VII), as well the negotiation of a legally binding instrument on benefit sharing (Chapter IV). The Plan also focuses on actions to limit health impacts from air pollution and from lead exposure (Chapter VI), and on the need to strengthen corporate accountability (Chapter IV).

3.1 Implementation of MEAs
The Summit Plan calls on nations to ratify and effectively implement a number of multilateral environmental instruments, including:

3.2 Targets and Timetables
The Plan also sets additional targets and timetables to assist with full implementation, including:

3.2.1 2004 · Develop a process for global reporting and assessment of the marine environment. · Create an international plan of action to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. 3.2.2 2005 · Develop integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans. · Begin implementation of national strategies for sustainable development. · Adopt an international plan of action for management of fishing capacity. · Develop a strategic approach to international chemicals management. 3.2.3 2008 · Implement a globally harmonized system for the classification and labeling of chemicals. 3.2.4 2010 · Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss 3.2.5 2012 · Establish marine protective areas. 3.2.6 2015 · Halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. · Return fisheries to maximum sustainable yield levels. 3.2.7 2020 · Achieve sound management of chemical use and production to minimize their significant adverse effects on health and environment.

3.3 Strengthening Implementation
The Summit Plan calls for the mobilization of financial and technological resources, including capacity-building programs, to strengthen implementation in developing countries. In addition, the Plan highlights several specific areas where assistance is needed, including the following areas relevant to the work of INECE:

4. Development Assistance
In response, a number of nations, international organizations, and stakeholders announce new or continuing funding that support implementation of the Plan's commitments, including:

The United States [13] announced:

The European Union announced:

The World Bank [15] and the International Emissions Trading Association [16] unveiled a $100 million project to encourage emission trading in developing countries.

The Asia Development Bank announced a $5 million grant to United Nations Human Settlements Program (Habitat) [17] and $500 million in fast-track credit for the Habitat Water for Asian Cities Programme.

The Global Environment Facility [18] announced an agreement totaling $3 billion to replenish its funding commitments. The GEF funds projects in four focal areas: biodiversity, climate change, international waters, and ozone. Projects to address land degradation, as it relates to the four focal areas, are also eligible for funding.

5. "Type Two" Partnerships [19]
The Political Declaration and the Plan of Implementation were "type one" outcomes agreed to by governments. "Type two" partnerships are so-called "partnerships of the willing" between various countries and stakeholders that were agreed to outside the formal Summit negotiation process. Several "type two" partnerships that may be relevant to INECE are listed below. It is anticipated that at lest some of these partnerships will receive funding in the form of the development assistance detailed above.

Other significant partnerships were formed outside the "type two" structure, reflecting the suspicion voiced by a number of developing countries at the Fourth WSSD PrepCom in Bali, Indonesia that "type two" partnerships were a distraction from the "type one" government commitments. In response, many organizations decided not to list their projects as "type two." For example, the Global Judicial Symposium announced an international effort to strengthen the environmental capacity of the judiciary, but this event and the follow up capacity building initiative is not included in the "type two" listing. Nevertheless, many of these partnerships may be relevant, and they will be reviewed separately.

The following are partnerships that are officially listed and that touch on issues of environmental implementation, enforcement and/or compliance.

An Integrative Approach to Organic Agriculture: Social, Environmental, and Economic Challenges, Benefits, and Opportunities This initiative, launched between the Ministry of Environment in the Dominican Republic and Physicians for Social Responsibility (ISSER), [20] is designed to provide capacity building and technology transfer to decision-makers and other major groups in the Dominican Republic regarding the principals and practices of organic agriculture with a view to fostering long-term sustainable food production, health, rural development, and the conservation of natural resources. It involves, inter alia, promoting legal frameworks and enforcement. Asia Forest Partnership The Government of Japan, in cooperation with the Center for International Forestry Research, [21] is leading an initiative to promote sustainable forest management in Asia by addressing, inter alia, good governance and forest law enforcement; capacity for effective forest management; and control of illegal logging. The partnership will promote forest policies, plans and programs; land use and natural resource management arrangements; use of satellite data; and a variety of measures to address illegal logging. The first phase of this project will run from August 2002 to 2007. Sustainable Land Resources Management in the Caribbean The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) [22] is leading this initiative to reverse land degradation and desertification in the Caribbean. The partnership will address, inter alia, integrated land use management and environmental protection. The initiative will strengthen public sector capacity and develop effective legislation and policies through a process that is based on economic and social goals, community participation, technologies, and non-agricultural land use that prevents/minimizes detrimental effects to the environment, local communities or future generations. In addition, it aims for effective enforcement of new policies and laws for sustainable land management formulated through participatory processes. This project will run from January 2003 to December 2007. IUCN Initiatives IUCN's Environmental Law Programme Capacity Building Initiative [23] will continue to develop national capacity to take part in the international policy debate, to implement what is agreed through coordinated policies, laws and institutions, and to ensure effective compliance with environmental laws. Key mechanisms include academic education, practical training, expert forums, internationals experience, publications, technical assistance and information. In addition, IUCN will continue to work with UNEP on the ECOLEX project, [24] a database of treaties, national legislation, legal literature and court decisions. Global Technology Transfer and Knowledge Management Partnership This partnership, which builds upon the knowledge management networks of the UNEP-GEF Technology Transfer Networks, promotes access to technology and knowledge by facilitating information exchange, finance and investment in sustainable products and services in the energy, agriculture, textile, water, waste, and forestry sectors. To foster increased transfer of sustainable technologies, the partners provide: an inventory of replicable technology transfer case studies; a directory of experts; a directory of innovative national regulations and policies; and a directory of planning and distance learning tools. This is an open-ended project. Global Partnership Toward Cleaner Fuels This partnership, lead by the International Fuel Quality Center in Brussels, aims to assist developing countries in improving fuel quality, including the elimination of lead from gasoline, by building capacity; encouraging more effective inspection and maintenance programs; improving availability and accessibility of technical information; and setting up a network of experts to advise on a number of topics. This project will begin in August 2002 and conclude in December 2005. International Sustainable Development Legal Partnership This initiative, lead by the Center for International Sustainable Development Law in Quebec, has several objects. First is to found a user-friendly web-based legal resource center, involving developed and developing country jurists, to assess, promote, and implement the integration of international social, economic and environmental law. Second is to carry out legal research and capacity building in international sustainable development law (ISDL) to assist governments, NGOs, judges and local a community effectively addressing inter-linked environmental, economic and social challenges. And third is to produce a series of policy and educational publications on ISDL, which will be made widely accessible to scholars, decision-makers and civil society, particularly in developing countries. Other Partnerships In addition to, a number of other initiatives may have an enforcement and/or compliance component. The Medit-Air-aneo, lead by the Italian National Agency for Environmental Protection, will assist Mediterranean counties develop GHG inventories. The ASEAN Mineral Database project, lead by the Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, seeks to, inter alia, strengthen cooperation of related and competent institutions on mining and minerals in formulating regulations and policies of mineral resources management. Indonesia is also leading the Initiative to Lessen Marine Pollution in Indonesian Waters that hopes to, inter alia, facilitate effective regulation of marine biological resources. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research is launching a Global Partnership for Capacity Building to Implement the Globally Harmonized System for Chemical Classification and Labeling. In addition, the Central Asian Interstate Commission on Sustainable Development is launching the Central Asian Initiative on Preparation and Implementation of Sub-Regional Agenda 21 as a Model for Sub-Regions.

7. Implications for INECE
Ensuring that the Plan of Implementation is successful, and that the specific targets and timetables are met, will require full implementation of the commitments made at the Earth Summit in 1992 and the Johannesburg Summit in 2002, as well as the rest of the body of law on environmental protection and sustainable development, at all levels of government. This in turn imposes a tremendous responsibility on those involved with the enforcement of these laws, starting with the government officials who have the primary responsibility for law enforcement, but also on NGOs, the general public, and the business sector. INECE will need to redouble its efforts to do its part in meeting this challenge

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