12.
Information Resources 
Hyperlinked
Outline of the Principles of Environmental Enforcement
These links
go to the same files as above, but here an outline of each section is
given.
Table of Contents - Acknowledgments - Glossary
PART
I: CONTEXT FOR
ENFORCEMENT
1.
INTRODUCTION
- What
Is the Purpose of This Text?
- What
Is Compliance?
- What
Is Enforcement?
- Why
Are Compliance and Enforcement Important?
- What
are the Components of a Successful Enforcement Program?
- How
Programs May Evolve in Different Cultures and Countries
2. THE
BASIS FOR COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT
- Introduction
- Factors
Affecting Compliance
- Deterrence
- Economics
- Institutional
Credibility
- Social
Factors
- Psychological
Factor
- Knowledge
and Technical Feasibility
- Impact
on Program Design
3. CREATING
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND
REQUIREMENTS THAT ARE ENFORCEABLE
- Introduction
- Enforceability
of Different Approaches to Environmental Management
- Laws:
The Framework for Enforcement
- Authorities
- Institutional
Framework
- Related
Laws Compelling Professional and Equitable Conduct
- Compatibility
with Existing Laws
- Structure
and Criteria for Establishing Environmental Requirements
- Requirements:
Making Them Enforceable
- Balancing
Stringency and Feasibility
- Improving
the Climate for Compliance
- General
Requirements
- Size of the Regulated
Community
- Analyzing the Regulated
Community's
Ability to Comply
- Involving the Regulated
Community and
Other Interested Parties
- Involving Enforcement
Officials
- Coordinating with Other
Environmental
Requirements and Programs
- Facility-Specific
Requirements
- Ensuring Enforceability
- The Permitting and
Licensing Process
PART II: DESIGNING COMPLIANCE
STRATEGIES AND ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS
4.
IDENTIFYING THE REGULATED COMMUNITY
AND ESTABLISHING PROGRAM PRIORITIES
- Introduction
- Identifying
the Regulated Community
- Important
Information
- Approaches
To Gathering Information
- Information
Management
- Considerations
in Setting Priorities
- Who
Should Set Priorities?
- Communicating
Priorities
- Review
and Revision
5.
PROMOTING COMPLIANCE
- Introduction
- Education
and Technical Assistance
- Building
Public Support
- Publicizing
Success Stories
- Creative
Financing Arrangements
- Economic
Incentives
- Building
a Facility's Environmental Management Capability
6.
MONITORING COMPLIANCE
- Introduction
- Inspections
- Types
of Inspections
- Gathering
Evidence
- Written
Inspection Report
- Inspection
Plan
- Targeting
Inspections
- Issues
To Consider
- Inspector
Training
- Support
Resources
- Self-Monitoring,
-Recordkeeping, and -Reporting by the Regulated Community
- Citizen
Complaints
- Area
Monitoring
- Ambient
Monitoring
- Remote
Sensing
- Overflights
7.
ENFORCEMENT RESPONSES TO VIOLATIONS
- Introduction
- The
Range of Response Mechanisms and Authorities
- Authorities
- Response
Mechanisms
- Informal
Mechanisms
- Formal
Mechanisms
- Civil
Administrative Enforcement
- Civil
Judicial Enforcement
- Criminal
Enforcement
- The
Enforcement Process
- Protecting
Basic Rights
- Supporting
the Enforcement Case
- The
Role of Negotiation
- Role
of the Public to Ensure Accountability
- Creative
Settlements: Leveraging Enforcement for Broader Results
- Pollution
Prevention
- Pollution
Reductions Beyond Compliance
- Environmental
Auditing
- Environmental
Restoration
- Publicity
- Training
- Escrow
or Bond for Sources Unable To Pay Penalties
- Enforcement
Response Policies
- Criteria
for Noncompliance
- Selection
of Appropriate Enforcement Response
- When
Should Civil or Criminal Responses Be Used?
- When
Should a Sanction Be Imposed?
- Should
a First Enforcement Response Include a Sanction?
- What
Type of Sanction Should Be Used?
- What
Enforcement Responses Are Appropriate for Government-Owned and/or
-Operated Facilities?
8.
CLARIFYING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
- Introduction
- Dividing
Responsibilities Among Government Levels
- The U.S. Experience: Parallel
Responsibility with the Primary Role Delegated
- The Netherlands' Experience:
Divided Responsibilities
- Role
of Other Government Institutions
- Legislative Institutions
- Executive Institutions
- Judicial Institutions
- Agencies with Jurisdiction in Areas
Related to Environmental Management
- Police
- Role
of Non-governmental Groups
- Industry Associations
- Associations of Government Officials
- Professional and Technical Societies
- Trade Unions and Workers' Council
- Universities
- Insurance Companies
- Public Interest Groups
- Use of Independent Contractors To
Supplement Government Personnel
- Special Centers
9.
EVALUATING PROGRAM SUCCESS AND
ESTABLISHING ACCOUNTABILITY
- Introduction
- Issues
in Measuring Success
- Measures
of Success
- Environmental
Results
- Compliance
Rates
- Progress
in Returning Significant Violators to Compliance
- Measures
of Compliance Monitoring
- Number
of Enforcement Responses
- Timeliness
of the Enforcement Responses
- Monetary
Penalties Assessed
- Measures
of Technical Assistance
- Other
Measures
PART III: IMPLEMENTATION AND
EXPERIENCE
10.
BUILDING AN EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT
PROGRAM
- Personnel
- Role
of Program Personnel
- Staffing
Level
- Training
- Use
of Third Parties
- Information
Management Systems
- Program
Funding
- Evolution
of Enforcement Programs
- Enforcement
as a Priority
- Evolution
of Authorities
- Identifying
the Regulated Community and Establishing Priorities
- Compliance
Promotion
- Compliance
Monitoring
- Enforcement
Response
- Roles
and Responsibilities
- Evaluation
and Accountability
11. CASE
STUDIES: PULLING IT ALL
TOGETHER
- Introduction
- Case
Study 1: Enforcement of Air Regulations in Allegheny
County, USA
- Introduction
- County
Profile
- Air
Pollution Control Before 1970
- Authority
for Air Pollution Control, 1970-1991
- Allegheny
County Air Quality Regulations, 1970-1991
- The
Air Pollution Control Advisory Committee
- Standards
and Methods
- Enforcement
Mechanisms
- Resources
- Monitoring
- Emissions
- Inspection
- Role
of the State and Federal Governments
- Role
of Environmental Groups and the Public
- Role
of Industry
- Results
- Factors
Influencing Success
- Case
Study 2: Responsible Processing of Derelict Cars in the
Netherlands
- Introduction
- Regulations
- Derelict
Cars Plan
- Implementing
the Plan in North Holland
- Conclusions
- Case
Study 3: Collection and Processing of Hazardous Waste
from Ships in the Netherlands
- Introduction
- The
Decree on Collection of Wastes from Ships
- Enforcement
Approach
- Enforcement
Results
- Case
Study 4: Enforcement of Municipal Wastewater
Requirements in the United States of America
- Background
- Enforcement
Activities
- Results
- Reasons
for Success of the National Municipal Policy
- Case
Study 5: Enforcement of Marketable Reductions of Lead
in the United States of America
- Background
- Enforcement
Activities
- Results
- Deterrence
- Conclusion
12.
INFORMATION RESOURCES
