12. INFORMATION RESOURCES

The following list of information resources includes references that were used in writing this text, as well as other references on enforcement that may be of interest to the reader. Additional references will be added periodically.

INTERNATIONAL SOURCES

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Physical

Planning and Environment. 1990. International Enforcement Workshop Proceedings. Utrecht, The Netherlands, May 8-10. This two-volume publication contains papers presented at the International Enforcement Workshop held from May 8-10 in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Workshop participants included environmental officials from foreign countries and international organizations. Papers were presented by these participants on domestic enforcement program strategies, tools and management systems; domestic intergovernmental enforcement relationships; international transboundary pollution problems; and enforcement of international agreements. Volume I is 349 pages long and contains 22 papers. Volume II is 133 pages long and contains additional papers, remarks delivered at the workshop, a summary of the discussions, and a list of speakers and participants. Copies can be obtained from:

Compliance and Policy Planning Branch Netherlands Ministry of Housing,

Office of Enforcement (LE-133) Physical Planning and Environment

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (VROM)

401 M Street, SW Hoofdinspecteur

Washington, DC 20460 Postbus 450

USA 2260 MB Leidschendam

(Telephone: 1 202 260 7550) The Netherlands

(Telephone: 31 70 317 4174)

Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Environment Committee. October 29, 1986. Improving the Enforcement of Environmental Policies. ENV(86)20. This 53-page document focuses on enforcement in environmental quality management and how it can be improved. The differences in environmental enforcement approaches among OECD countries are discussed. Three case studies on enforcement in the Netherlands, United States, and United Kingdom were also prepared for OECD:

· Lee, Norman. 1984. The Enforcement of Environmental Policies in the United Kingdom. ENV/ECO/84.5.

· Suurland, Jan. June 1984. Regulatory Reform of Environmental Policy in the Netherlands. Background paper for the OECD International Conference on Environment and Economics.

· Wasserman, Cheryl E. 1984. The Enforcement of Environmental Policies in the United States. ENV/ECO/84.6.

Copies of OECD documents can be obtained from:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Environment Directorate

2, rue Andre-Pascal

75775 PARIS CEDEX 16

France

(Telephone: 45 02 77 00)

International Chamber of Commerce. June 1989. Environmental Auditing. Publication 468, ISBN No. 92-842-1089-5. This 25-page publication gives the ICC's position on environmental auditing, and discusses the meaning of the concept of environmental auditing, the responsibility for audits, and the methodology that should be followed when conducting audits. Available in English, French, German, and Spanish. Copies can be obtained from:

International Chamber of Commerce

The World Business Organization

38, cours Albert 1^er

75008 Paris

France

(Telephone: 49 53 28 28)

SOURCES FROM THE NETHERLANDS

Gerardu, Jo J.A. October 1989. Experimental Projects Development Enforcement Chemical Waste Act. This 10-page document discusses the experimental projects in the Netherlands that were executed within the framework of the Multi-year Intensifying Programme Enforcement Chemical Waste Legislation. (*)

Gerardu, Jo J.A. September 1989. Enforcement Training. This 6-page document provides an overview of training to improve enforcement in the Netherlands. Participants have included Ministry, provincial, and municipal officials, the police, and water quality controllers. (*)

van Ommen, Cees F. October 1989. Compliance Monitoring of National Environmental Legislation. This 10-page document discusses monitoring, by the Environmental Inspectorate of the Netherlands, of compliance with the Hazardous Waste Act, the Herbicides Act, and the Toxic Substances Act. Three kinds of monitoring are discussed: visual inspection, sampling, and a thorough audit-like inspection. (*)

Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Hygiene, Main Department for Enforcement of Environmental Legislation. April 1989. Main Points of the Third Progress Report on Developments with Regard to the Enforcement of Environmental Legislation. This 24-page document summarizes the Third Progress Report on the Development of Enforcement of Environmental Legislation, presented to the Second Chamber of Parliament of the Netherlands in October 1988. Available in Dutch only. (*)

Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Hygiene, Main Department for Enforcement of Environmental Legislation. April 1989. The Fourth Progress Report on Developments with Regard to the Enforcement of Environmental Legislation. This document summarizes The Fourth Progress Report of the Development of Enforcement of Environmental Legislation, presented to the Second Chamber of Parliament of the Netherlands in August 1991. (*)

Lefevre, Hans E.C. October 1989. Continued Enforcement Intensification Programme (VHIP). This 6-page document discusses the so-called VHIP. In 1984 the government of the Netherlands began intensifying environmental law enforcement, starting with hazardous waste as a top priority. After several years the need was felt to extend enforcement priorities and activities to other sectors. The VHIP focuses on improving enforcement (through structuring, intensification, and integral multimedia approaches) and setting enforcement priorities. (*)

Lefevre, Hans E.C. September 1990. Enforcement of Environmental Regulations in the Netherlands, in: International Environmental Reporter, volume 13, number 10, pages 401-408. This article reviews the development of the enforcement of environmental legislation in the Netherlands within the context of the present state of the country's environmental problems and policies, and the importance of enforcement in the regulatory chain. (*)

National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection. March 1989. Concern for Tomorrow, A National Environmental Survey, 1985-2010. This 12-page document gives an overview of the national environmental situation in the Netherlands and an extrapolation to the year 2010. (**)

Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, May 1989. To Choose or to Lose: National Environmental Policy Plan. This 258-page document describes the Netherlands' medium-term strategy for environmental policy. (***)

Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment. May 1989. National Environmental Policy Plan Plus. In conjunction with the National Environmental Policy Plan, this 107-page document sets forth the main lines of environmental policy for the 1990s: the strategy and objectives and, for the period 1990-1994, the measures which are to be taken to bring sustainable development within reach in the Netherlands. (***)

Copies can be obtained from:

(*) Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment

Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Hygiene

Main Department for Enforcement of Environmental Legislation

P.O. Box 450

2260 MB Leidschendam

The Netherlands

(Telephone: 31 70-3172618)

(**) National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 1

3720 BA Bilthoven

The Netherlands

(Telephone: 31 30-749111)

(***) Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment

Department for Information and International Relations

P.O. Box 20951

2500 EZ The Hague

The Netherlands

SOURCES FROM THE UNITED STATES

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. May 1984. Agencywide Compliance and Enforcement Strategy and Strategy Framework for EPA Compliance Programs. This 50-page document establishes the U.S. EPA's strategic frameworks for improving environmental compliance and enforcement programs.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. February 1991. Enforcement Four-Year Strategic Plan: Enhanced Environmental Enforcement for the 1990s. 21E-2001. This 77-page document is the result of a collaborative effort between the U.S. EPA's Office of Enforcement and the Agency's media compliance programs. It provides a plan for maintaining a strong and successful environmental enforcement program in the United States throughout the 1990s and into the next century.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. February 1989. Basic Inspector Training Course: Fundamentals of Environmental Compliance Inspections. This lengthy text discusses the legal, technical, administrative, and communications aspects of performing inspection work for U.S. EPA-administered statutes. It is designed for use with a classroom training course.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 1990. RCRA Civil Penalty Policy. This 110-page paper discusses the methods that the U.S. EPA uses to assess civil penalties for environmental violations under the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). (Enforcement penalty policies and guidance for other U.S. EPA environmental programs are available and can be obtained from the address below.)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. August 25, 1986. Revised Policy Framework for State/EPA Enforcement Agreements. This 46-page document outlines EPA's policy framework for implementing an enforcement relationship between the states and the federal government. It discusses implementing the framework through national program guidance and regional/state agreements.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. February 25, 1991. Interim Policy on the Inclusion of Pollution Prevention and Recycling Provisions in Enforcement Settlements. This 12-page memorandum describes U.S. EPA's policy to encourage the use of pollution prevention and recycling in enforcement settlements.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. February 12, 1991. Policy on the Use of Supplemental Environmental Projects in EPA Settlements. This 13-page memorandum describes the U.S. EPA's policy to include, in enforcement settlements, projects that remediate the adverse public health or environmental consequences of the violations at issue.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. November 14, 198_. Final EPA Policy on the Inclusion of Environmental Auditing Provisions in Enforcement Settlements. This 68-page document provides guidance on selecting enforcement cases in which the U.S. EPA will seek to include environmental auditing provisions in the settlement terms. This document also includes U.S. EPA's Policy Statement on Environmental Auditing. (Other resource documents on environmental auditing are available from the U.S. EPA at the address below.)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. November 1990. Summary Report: Enforcement Effectiveness Case Studies. This brief report provides additional information about case studies 4 and 5 described in Chapter 11 of this text.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. September 1990. Environmental Criminal Enforcement: A Law Enforcement Officer's Guide. This 27-page booklet explains the structure of EPA's environmental law enforcement apparatus, as well as the methods of enforcement and how they function. It emphasizes the role of law enforcement officers in environmental enforcement.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement. March 1990. Environmental Enforcement: A Citizen's Guide. This 33-page booklet is similar to the Law Enforcement Officers' Guide, described above; however, this document emphasizes the citizen's role in environmental enforcement.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Enforcement in the 1990s Project. This report presents the findings and recommendations from the U.S. EPA's Innovative Enforcement Work Group. Innovative tools for environmental enforcement, such as environmental auditing, alternative dispute resolution, and risk-based pollution preventative enforcement are discussed.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. 19__. Guidance for Developing Control Authority Enforcement Response Plans. (Enforcement response policies and guidance for other U.S. EPA environmental programs are available and can be obtained from the address below.)

Wasserman, Cheryl E. 1992. Federal Enforcement: Theory and Practice. Pages 21-51 in:

T.H. Tietenberg, ed., Innovation in Environmental Policy: Economic and Legal Aspects of Recent Developments in Environmental Enforcement and Liability. Part of Wallace E. Oates, ed., New Horizons in Environmental Economics Series, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Grower House, Cross Road, Aldershot, Hampshire, England. This paper presents a review (in the context of environmental economics) of the theories that local, state, and federal regulators and law enforcement personnel use in implementing enforcement programs. The differences between theory and the reality of implementation practices also are discussed.

For a copy of the U.S. publications or for further information, write to:

Compliance and Policy Planning Branch

Office of Enforcement (LE-133)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

401 M. Street, SW

Washington, DC 20460

USA

(Telephone: 1 202 260 7550)

UPDATING AND ENRICHING THIS TEXT

This text will be periodically updated to include new enforcement ideas and examples from countries around the world. Readers are encouraged to send comments and ideas for the next edition to:

Compliance Policy and Planning Branch

Office of Enforcement (LE-133)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

401 M Street, SW

Washington, DC 20460

USA